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Dear Editor
There is no doubt that the huge earthquake on 11 March 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku, Japan, and subsequent tsunami is one of the largest natural disasters in modern history1. Unexpected radiation leakage from quake-hit and inundated nuclear power reactors has worsened the crisis. Appropriate management of the situation is paramount - but the question is, 'What is to be done and how to do it?' In this, Japan may be able to learn from the experience of Thailand.
A similar disaster occurred in 2004 in South-East Asia when a large earthquake near Indonesia caused a giant tsunami which severely affected several countries, including Thailand. The magnitude of this 'great Sumatra earthquake' and the current Japanese quake are very similar. In Thailand, the southern rural provinces Phang-Nga, Phuket and Krabi were affected. The tsunami caused the sudden death of approximately 10 000 of the local population and also many Western tourists. The immediate communication system shut-down caused a 2 to 3 day delay before the Thai Government could arrange systematic management of the crisis. The distance of several hundred kilometers between the affected areas and Bangkok prevented immediate delivery of aid materials. Rescue and healthcare teams from other parts of Thailand were also delayed, as is happening currently in Japan.
In consequence in Thailand, four types of infections emerged immediately: wound infections, gastrointestinal infections, respiratory tract infections and mosquito-borne infections2,3. Due to the rurality of the affected areas and unpreparedness of the government, insufficient medications, vaccines and other medical materials made external supports essential. However in Japan, endemic diseases such as the mite-borne Tsutsugamushi disease will be more prevalent than the mosquito-borne infections of South-East Asia4.
Long-term, there has been a change in the epidemiological pattern of many infectious diseases (eg cryptosporidium and giardia infections) in southern Thailand5. Problems associated with disability and the number of abandoned children were also serious concerns in the affected provinces6, and many psychosocial problems including post-traumatic stress disorder persist to this day7. It is these issues, particularly psychosocial problems, that may emerge from the present Japanese crisis.
Apart from treating casualties, the management of dead bodies after the Thai crisis emerged as an unexpected problem. Due to the rurality and lack of appropriate storage facilities, abandoned human remains served as reservoirs for infected particles8. In addition, a lack of pathology personnel and infrastructure made forensic identification of the dead difficult.
Lessons for Japan from the Thai experience include recognizing the importance of disease control and surveillance activity, and managing the bodies of the deceased. Recommended strategies include applying strict infection control, establishing temporary morgues and implementing vaccination programs9. However the superimposed nuclear problem makes the Japanese situation unique, and suggests that learning from the Chernobyl experience will be necessary, as well as from rural Thailand.
Viroj Wiwanitkit, MD
Wiwanitkit House
Bangkhae, Bangkok, Thailand
References
1. Matsumoto M, Inoue K. Earthquake, tsunami, radiation leak, and crisis in rural health in Japan. Rural and Remote Health 11(1): 1759. (Online) 2011. Available: www.rrh.org.au (Accessed 11 April 2011).
2. Wiwanitkit V. Malaria and dengue infection after Tsunami in Southern Thailand. Tropical Doctor 2007; 37(3): 194.
3. Wiwanitkit V. Emerging of admitted pneumonia after tsunami in Phuket, Thailand. Canadian Respiratory Journal 2005; 12(4): 224.
4. Infectious Disease Surveillance Center. [Caution for Tsutsugamushi disease outbreak in suffered areas]. (Online) 2004. Available: http://idsc.nih.go.jp/earthquake2011/RiskAssessment/20110401tutugamusi.html (Accessed 5 April 2011; in Japanese).
5. Srisuphanunt M, Karanis P, Charoenca N, Boonkhao N, Ongerth JE. Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection in environmental waters of southwest coastal areas of Thailand. Parasitology Research 2010; 106(6): 1299-306.
6. Pityaratstian N, Ketumarn P, Piyasilpa V, Sidthiraksa N, Ularntinon S. Recovery and beyond: working with young tsunami victims in Thailand. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi 2010; 112(2): 153-158.
7. Pairojkul S, Siripul P, Prateepchaikul L, Kusol K, Puytrakul T. Psychosocial first aid: support for the child survivors of the Asian tsunami. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 2010; 31(9): 723-727.
8. Morgan O. Infectious disease risks from dead bodies following natural disasters. Pan American Journal of Public Health 2004; 15(4): 308-312.
9. Wiwanitkit V. Vaccination in post earthquake crisis. Human Vaccine 2010; 6(7): 595-596.